AFF (Advance Fire Fighting)
congratulations, for those of you who have entered the field of work as a sailor. not in doubt you will gain a lot of dollars. as a sailor, you are in demand for all-round, you will be paid expensive for area of expertise that you control. in each area of expertise that you control must have proof of training certificates. this time you learned is expertise in putting out the fire. In the process of this training, you will know the purpose of this training. This training is called advance fire fighting.
Objectives / Targets
The purpose of this training is for participants:
- Knowing the concept of fire
- Knowing the various fighting techniques
- Being able to choose and use a fire extinguisher
- Knowing the tactics and strategies in fire fighting
- Capable of calculating needs in fire fighting foam
- Knowing the event of a fire emergency plan
- Capable of large-scale fire fighters
- Knowing and being able to use SCBA if necessary
- Training Methods
- Classroom, Discussion, Simulation, Training, Evaluation
Training Material
- Behavior of Fire
- Fixed Fire Fighting Installation & Fire Fighting Technique
- Refresh Portable Fire Extinguisher and Fire Fighting Equipment
- Refresh Self Contain Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) Theory
- Tactic and Strategy
- Mechanical Foam & Calculation
- Emergency Plan
- Fire Fighting Drill 1
- Fire Fighting Drill 2
- SCBA Practice
- Night Fire (Tank Farm & Platform)
- Post Test
Behavior of Fire
Heat Transfer Heat transfer from one point or from one object to another is a basic concept in the study of fire. Heat transfer from the initial fuel substances towards other fuels, either inside or outside the home location is in the fire, controlling the growth of the fire. Firefighters use their knowledge - of this heat transfer - to estimate the size of the fire before they tackle and evaluate the effectiveness of fire prevention. Definition of thermal energy provides clarity, that in order to be able to move heat from one object to another, the two bodies should have a different temperature. Heat energy moves from warmer objects to cooler objects. Levels of heat that moves related to the temperature difference between the two objects. The greater the temperature difference of the two bodies, the greater the displacement levels. Heat transfer - from one object to another - is measured when the energy flow (heat) within a period of time. In the SI system, heat transfer is measured in kilowatts (kW). In the traditional system, the units are Btu per second (Btu / s). Both (kW and Btu / s) is a term that is associated with power (see explanation in front of the equivalent of heat in the Thermal Energy and Temperature). Heat energy can be transferred from one object to another in three ways: conduction, convection and radiation. Each of these mechanisms will be discussed in more detail in the following sections.
3 section:CONDUCTION,CONVECTION,AND RADIATION
Fire Fighting Technique
Extinguish fires can be done with the principle of eliminating one or several elements in the flame, some way to extinguish the fire are:
A. Cooling (cooling)
B. Penyalimutan (smothering)
C. Deciding fire reaction
D. Weaken (dilution)
put forward the theory of fire suppression in several ways as follows:
A. One common way to fight fires is a way of cooling / decrease the temperature of the fuel until it can not generate steam or gas for combustion. One of the best effective materials absorb heat is water. Cooling surface is usually not effective in the product gas and flammable liquids and has a flash point below the temperature of water used for extinguishing. Therefore, the water medium is not recommended to extinguish fires of flammable liquid material with a flash point below 100 ° C or 37 ° C.
Water spray to cool fire if:
1. The heat transfer speed is proportional to the surface area exposed to the fire fluid.
2. The heat transfer speed depends on the temperature difference between the water in the surrounding air or flammable objects.
3. Speed of heat transfer are also dependent on the moisture content in the air, especially in the propagation of fire.
4. The capacity of heat dispersal of water depending on the distance traveled by the water and the speed in the combustion zone.
B. Cooling by using oxygen (smothering)
By limiting / reducing the oxygen in the combustion process will fire can be extinguished. Fire fighting in this way can be faster if the vapor formed can be collected in the burned area, and the absorption of heat by steam will end when the vapor begins to condense, which in this condensation process will be taken off some heat.
C. Return or removal of fuel
Fuel transfer fatherly more effective to extinguish the fire but will not always be possible to practice it may be difficult, for example, the removal of fuel that the oil pump and transfer the materials to another - a combustible material. Another way is to pour the burning fuel with water or by making foam that can stop / oil separating the combustion zone.
D. Termination fire chain reaction
This method uses a chemical called Halon, reacting to separate the active chemical species in the flame reaction (the process known chain breaking).
Factors - factors that can affect the success or failure of putting out the fire:
1. Effect of wind
Hembusannya wind strength and direction can be used as a guide in determining the direction of the spread of fire. And putting out the fire is not justified downwind. It can be dangerous, because it will be blocked by the first smoke, and the latter can be jilitan fire victims. Therefore blackout should be done in the direction of the wind, or from the right hand side left.
2. Color smoke
Objects - objects that burned sometimes - sometimes can not be recognized because it was blocked by the thick smoke caused. But by looking at the color of the smoke, it can be estimated that the burning object types. For example:
a. Color and thick black smoke, then the possibility of the object asphalt, rubber, plastic, oil, or objects - objects that contain oil.
b. When the smoke color is yellowish brown - brass, the possibility of burning item is film, film materials, and objects - objects that contain sulfuric acid.
c. Meanwhile, when the bluish white smoke color - bluish, usually derived from objects - objects that contain phosphorus.
In addition to the color of the smoke, the smell of smoke can also be used as a guide to recognize objects on fire. After that the system can be determined and tools - tools and actions pemadamnya right - other action that may be required.
3. The location of fire
Putting out the fire must pay attention to its location, whether fires in the home is located adjacent to each other or the center of the mall. For the spread of fire should not be made to extinguish the fire source in advance so as not to spread, and are attempting that property damage can be as small as possible.
4. Another danger that may occur
Each firefighting efforts must consider factors - safety factor. Good safety and the safety of firefighters victim. Especially children - children, women, or the elderly. If there is a fire hazard caged victims should be helped for example by damaging the wall of the room, damaging the sky - the sky, and so on. Therefore, the equipment in the form of an ax, crowbar, needs to be prepared beforehand. And must take into account also the danger - other hazards that may cause casualties.
Media Type Fire
Fire, is in knowing the various types of media firefighters intended to determine the appropriate type of media, so as to extinguish fires effectively, efficiently, and safely. From the form of physical media fire department there are 5 types:
1. Water
2. Foam
3. Dry chemical powder
4. Kabon dioxide (CO2)
5. Halon
In extinguishing media has some kind or characteristics in putting out the fire, and also has advantages for certain classes and may be harmful to some kind of fire.
1. Water
Water is used as a fire extinguishing media suitable or appropriate to extinguish fire of solid material (Class A) because it can penetrate to the inside.
Material on matching quenched with water is like:
• Wood
• Charcoal
• Paper
• Textiles
• Plastic and the like.
2. Foam
Pamadam media type of fire, the foam is one medium that can be used to extinguish the fire. There are two (2) types of foam are used to extinguish fires that foam chemical and mechanical foam.
Chemical foam made of bubbles containing carbon and carbon dioxide, while the mechanical foam made of carbon with air campuaran. Foam to extinguish the fire through a combination of three action extinction namely:
- Cover is made of foam blanket over the burning material, so that contact with oxygen (air) disconnected.
- Weaken that prevents evaporation of flammable liquids.
- Cool that absorb calories flammable liquid so that the temperature decreases.
3. Dry chemical powder
Fire-power of the dry chemical powder is dependent on the amount of powder that can cover the surface of the burning. The finer the grain - grain dry chemical powder increasing the surface area that can be covered.
The grain dry chemicals frequently used hydro Ammonium phosphate is suitable to extinguish fires of class A, B and C. The workings of dry chemical powder is physically and chemically.
4. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Suitable Extinguishing Media CO2 inside the tube must be in a state of high pressure liquid phase. The working principle of CO2 in putting out the fire is a reaction with oxygen (O2) so that the concentration in the air is reduced, so that the fire will be extinguished this is called extinction by closing.
However, CO2 also has a drawback is that the media can not be prevented from extinguishing the fire back after the fire goes out (reignitasi). This is due to the CO2 can not bind oxygen (O2) is continuously but only bind O2 is proportional to the amount of CO2 being the supply of oxygen available in the surrounding area fire continues.
5. Halon
In the case of fire when used halon fire suppression then all occupants must leave the room except for those who already know exactly how to use it. If halon gas fire flame exposed to heat at a temperature of about 485 ° C it will undergo decomposition, and substances - substances produced will bind the elements hydrogen and oxygen. If the decomposition occurs can produce several new elements and new substances are toxic and quite dangerous to humans.
- Make sure that the driving gas in the tube does not leak and the pressurized state. By way of seeing from the needle position contained in the pressure gauge is in position 15 s / d 20 Bar. (Applies to the tube type Stored Pressure)
- Open threaded tube that is in the neck, open the cartridge tube her, then check and make sure that the seal on the tube Cartridge its still in one piece and replace everything as original position. (Applies to the tube type Cartridge)
- Cleaning the tube body, to avoid dust and corrosion. First, rub the tube with a damp cloth until no more dust and rub again with a dry cloth. After that, apply a bit of diesel fuel in the body of the tube evenly, then end by rubbing with a dry cloth.
- To avoid freezing of extinguishing agents, especially the type ABC Dry Chemical Powder / Multipurpose ABC Dry Chemical Powder, can be done by flipping through the tube. How, one hand holding the top of the tube, and the other hand holding the bottom of the tube. Then the top of the tube turned down and instead, the bottom of the inverted tube to the top. Perform up to 3 to 5 times slowly. (Applicable for models tube Portable Standard, either Stored Pressure and Cartridge)
- Take regular lubrication on the wheel tube. Make sure the fingers, wheels, and the position of the wheels in good condition. In order to avoid congestion wheels, broken wheels and spokes, when the tube will be used or moved from its previous position. (Applicable for models Wheeled Trolley tube / tube-wheeled)
- If the position of the tube hung using Bracket, be sure Bracket in a state of strong and perfectly attached to the wall. (Applicable for models tube Portable Standard, either Stored Pressure & Cartridge)
- Keep tube light a fire extinguisher fire extinguisher Chubb avoid direct contact of sun and rain. It is advisable to provide cover / canopy / protector on the tube in order to maintain the quality of the tube to remain durable.
Refresh Self Contain Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) Theory
There are three sections in the use of self-contained, including:
Examination
Assembly / installation
Usage
EXAMINATION SCBA
Examination of high pressure (pressure tube)
Examination of low pressure
Examination of high pressure (pressure tube)
Open the main valve slowly, and check manometer. If the pressure is less than 5/6 of the working pressure, then the contents of the bottle should not be used for operations.
Check the needle manometer, if it indicates the maximum number of main valve cap back on.
Note manometer, when the pressure dropped over the take 12 Atam permenitnya, means there is a leak in the system channel. Need to be re-examined
Open slowly bypass the regulator fever and note flute (warning wishtle) will sound at a pressure between 40-50 atm.
Low pressure checks.
Open the main valve and wear a face mask properly.
Breathe as usual.
Close the main valve back with his right hand, right hand still holding the valve
Breathe, if it meets these demands could not breathe, meaning there are no leaks in the low pressure system, but if you are still able to breathe, means there is a leak in the face mask.
If you can not breathe, open the main valve on the bottle immediately.
ASSEMBLE / INSTALLING SCBA
Set as possible hardness and plate penggendong
Loosen the belt penggendong as possible.
Attach the plate to the air bottle and connective penggendong should.
Connect the hose to the bottle by using your fingers (do not use the full power).
USING SCBA
Stand SCBA in the correct position.
Put your left hand and right kerangkaian hardness are available.
Correct position of SCBA set in the back, with a comfortable position
Tie waist belt good
Tactic and Strategy
1. SAFE LIFE FIRST
As a guideline, each will act in fire fighting should give priority to safety of life (life safe first) both themselves and safety his team in an effort to help victims (rescue) or extinguish fires.
2. ATTITUDE AND ACTION
2.1. Decisive and discipline.
2.2. Calm, alert (easy to think) and confidence (self-confident)
2.3. Compact in cooperation (team work)
2.4. Fast and efficient: this can be achieved because it used, derived from the experience and skills gained from the exercises.
3. WHAT TO WATCH BEFORE THE FIRE FIRE
3.1. Wind direction (factor of safety and success blackout)
3.2. The type of material that is burning (fire clarification)
3.3. Volume and potency of burning (fire load)
3.4. Layout and environmental situations (layout)
3.5. The duration has been burned
3.6. Extinguishers are available or to be held.
4. ACTION WHEN ARRIVING AT THE FIRE
4.1. Met with the owner / manager of the building
1 Plan of the building
2 The number of occupants (age, sex, place)
4.2. Placement
1 Fire Engines and Fire Fighting equipment
2 Rescue Unit
3 Control / Communication Unit
5. FIRE ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES
The principle of the technique is to destroy the balance blackout third mixing elements of the cause of the fire (fuel, oxygen, heat) or damaging / stop the fire (to break the chain reaction)
Principle it can be done with the following techniques:
5.1. Stop / take the burning material (starvation)
5.2. The covering (smothering) or reduce / diluting the oxygen concentration (dilution) in the air.
5.3. Cooling (cooling) to below the flash point of flammable materials or meengurangi decomposition (decomposition) solid fuel.
5.4. Deciding chain reaction (Breaking the Chain Reaction Inhibiting) from the combustion process.
6. USE OF MEDIA FIRE ENGINEERING
6.1. water
a. Jet jets
The main objective is the use of water for cooling (cooling), but with certain techniques such as dilution with water vapor or cutting the spread of fire (cut off) with curtain jets.
Forms a jet of water in the blackout are as follows:
There are two jets jets jets jets are intact (solid stream) and jet jet-straight (straight stream). Intact jet jets coming from nozzles that of the input to the muzzle no obstructions except narrowing of the diameter (play-pipe nozzle).
While the straight jet nozzle which is derived from the input to the output shaft there is a barrier; This emission is generally derived from the nozzle can be adjusted from spray to jet.
The hallmark of this spray is:
1 large amount of water
2 Reach spray away
3 For Class A fires, such as fire fighting, home, forest or grassland and others.
4 For Class B fires, indirectly to the cooling tank.
b. Curtain jets (Spray)
1 large amount of water
2 Reach spray near / short
3 For Class A fires, (as for sprinklers in the building) and Class B (for cooling the container and diluted)
4 It is also used as a water shield to withstand exposure to heat from fire dedahan in an attempt to close valve, close the leak and rescue tasks.
c. Fog jets (Fog)
1 The amount of water is relatively little
2 To fire Class A, B and C (with special techniques), can also be used as a water shield fractions / deduction dedahan radiation from the fire, although not as good as the curtain beam.
6.2. foam
The main objective is the use of foam: the covering (smothering) with slight cooling and to limit / reduce the surface of the burning material (localization) and prevents evaporation.
The main usage of the foam is to fire on large surfaces, such as: oil tank fires, spills, pastures, indoor and others.
Weakness foam, corresponding physical form (bubble light / fragile / dissolves back) then the foam was not able to fire oil pressure, flow and gas fires.
Submission Foam way to place Fire
a. Fire tub / oil tanks are to:
1 Directing / firing into the wall above the inner surface of the burning liquid in the tank or container that is no roof.
2 Pouring / pour with special equipment (foam chambers or foam tower).
3 Inserted through a basic tank with special equipment (base injection foam).
b. Fire oil spills or other surface fire on a flat surface. Foam is directed to the fire started from the nearest edge of the officers extinguish (from upper) forwarded the entire surface by utilizing the power of rapid flow (by pushing the foam that has been located on the surface of the burning liquid).
c. Fire in a closed room using a foam height development, by means dibanjirkan (flooding). Minimum 1 meter thick foam.
6.3. Flour Chemistry
The purpose of use of chemical powder is put out the fire in the covering and some types are also breaking the chain reaction of fire.
Chemical flour has a very small cooling effect. To spout / spray the powder is required CO2 or N2 gas booster, but sometimes also just compressed air. Required a certain distance (± 3 meters) of fire when used to extinguish that bursts of flour has a fairly wide angle.
Blackout starts from the base of the fire (from the end) and from the top of the wind. To blackouts gas leak, spray starting from the leaked source toward the tip of the tongue of fire. When the fire area is spacious, the nozzle must quickly flicked surface area burned.
To avoid re-ignition (flash back) need cooling efforts on the container where the fuel burned.
For Class D fires (metal) needed special heat-resistant powder, the goal for the covering alone, sprinkled flour / is closed to the metal surface using a spade (shovel) or driving gas.
6.4. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Intended use of CO2 is the covering or reduce / dilute the oxygen content in the air until no longer able to support the combustion process (dilution) and a little cooling effect. CO2 is stored pressure (storage pressure) in the liquid phase.
Suppression techniques directed to the base of the fire from close range and then flicked to the entire surface of the burning (note the direction of the wind and be alert to the power of radiance).
CO2 is suitable for extinguishing Class B and C with the result that clean and non-toxic (due to lower levels of O2 function) but need to be vigilant at high CO2 concentration because it can cause asphyxia. CO2 is not suitable for oxidizing chemical fires and burning of solid material / high heat storage.
7. FACTORS IN FIRE SAFETY
7.1. The nozzle holder (Nozzleman) in general
1 Position the feet are always horses
2 Open / close the water jets should be directed to the top
3 When the beam jet (intact), preferably in a position nozzleman in place (stop, do not move) and remember the danger of transmitting water back pressure.
4 If the move to be with jet curtain, not stepping foot but shifted and always form horses.
5 views are always ahead in the direction of the fire and always pay attention to cooperation (team work).
5 How to hold the nozzle in accordance safe ergonomic principles and techniques adapted desired outage.
7 If while holding the nozzle pressure is too fell, fell along the nozzle.
a dibangunan
b Do not get stuck in a building / debris
c Danger smoke / toxic gases
d Back draft
e Refinery / Hoarding
f Danger of toxic gases
g Danger slopover, boilover
Danger of explosion h installation / material
7.2. A P A R
1 Type Flour Chemistry: APAR test took place and point the nozzle onto the handle is pressed (do not hit).
2 Type CO2: APAR test took place and point the nozzle upwards. Do not hold the steering funnel (horn) while putting out the fire.
3 Mechanical Foam Type: test took place, the nozzle is held not on the air inlet.
Foam 4Jenis Chemistry: reversed near the fire, consider how to fold the hose so as not to obstruct the flow, face covered extinguisher. Done blackouts when flipped back, jet nozzle should always be directed downwards.
5 Each complete blackouts: make sure the fire has been extinguished, had retreated to a safe distance and do not langsungbalik body.
6 Keep / adjust the distance to the fire while exercising outage
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