Ship Unloading Equipment

   

According Martopo and Soegiyanto (2004: 38-71) Loading and unloading equipment is an arrangement to and from the ship. The composition consists of:

1. ( boom )
2. ( mast )
3. ( derrick winch)
4. Equipped with various types of block and rigging

For modern cargo ships often used deck crane (deck faucet) as a means of loading and unloading and for special ships loading and unloading using the tools appropriate to the type of goods transported.

At the indicated weight rod loader then that can be transported safely by the loading rod. The length of the rod loader such that Dapa take charge in addition to the hull. Loader rod length such that when the rod is lowered to an angle of 25 with the horizontal plane, then the rope and hook loading and unloading must be over 2.5 meters dilambung ship.

The length of the rod loader must reach the farthest corner and rope should muatnya remaining 4 s / d 6 rolls in winch roller (Derek machine rolls) Installation rod loader is done in such a way, so that it can be moved up and down, left and right horizontal. This movement is caused by the bolt on the lower end of the rod loader. In some countries the use of these tools are based on a certificate issued by a surveyor of the International Cargo Gear Bearau (ICCB) ata (bureau classification of loading and unloading equipment maintenance), which is that after the check and test the equipment loading tersebuttelah eligible security. On the ocean cruise ships each pole is generally at least 2 boom (rod loader) Istopo, 1999: 17.

Loading and unloading of tools divided into 2 (two) groups, namely:

1. Completeness aids loading and unloading on the ship
2. Completeness aids loading and unloading

Completeness aids loading and unloading on the ship

In the process of loading and unloading, the vessel is equipped with some tools that serve to assist in its work. These tools serve to facilitate loading and unloading activities, and also to ensure the safety of goods are removed. As for some of the tools in question are:

1. Ramp door

This tool is generally found on the ship type RORO (Roll On Roll Out), a type of ship that is destined to transport various types of vehicles. Door Ramp function of this is as a bridge between the dock and the ship. Ramp door is generally located at the bow or stern of the ship, while docked at the pier ramp door opens downwards like a gate bastion equestrian knight times. When the ramp door open, then the vehicle will be out of the hull, like children arowana newly hatched out of the mouth of the mother.

2. Crane Ship 

These tools are usually located at the middle of the ship, serves to lift cargo from the hold of the ship, then transferred to the dock. The arm of the crane vessel should be long enough, so that it can move from the hold to the dock. The system is used in a similar boat with a crane cranes in general, ie, using steel cables, with the motor as the driving and various sizes pully as power transfer.

3. Hook crane

Hook crane located at the end of the cable, and the function to be linked to the load or cargo.

4.spreader

Its usefulness is very useful to improve the productivity of loading and unloading. Spreader are available with a variety of uses, namely for container spreader, spreader beam for general cargo, and clamp for dry bulk. By using the spreader, will increase the speed of loading and unloading, ex: spreader beam can lift two nets at once completely lift the hull. But in essence, the use of the spreader should be tailored to the SWL (Safe Working Load) on each crane

B.Completeness aids loading and unloading

In its activities, the effort of loading / unloading of ships or so-called stevedoring using tools to speed up the process. The equipment used include:

1. Mobile Crane

Mobile Crane adalah alat bongkar muat berbentuk truk yang menggendong crane pada punggungnya. Alat ini dapat digunakan untuk melakukan kegiatan bongkar / muat barang berupa container maupun bag cargo. Umumnya mobile crane digunakan untuk menggantikan peran crane kapal (ship gear). Kapasitas mobile crane bervariasi, bahkan ada yang mencapai 65 Ton atau dengan kata lain sanggup mengangkat container berukuran 20 ft full. Kato,Tadano, Sumitomo dan IHI adalah beberapa merk monile crane yang biasa digunakan.

2.(ship gear)

For practicality, general cargo vessel equipped with a crane vessel (ship gear). Crane vessel should be used in doing good for the stevedoring activities manifold container goods, as well as cargo bag (using nets).

3.Gantry crane 

Gantry crane is a special loading and unloading equipment for handling containers. By using gantry cranes, loading and unloading activities is much faster than using a mobile crane and crane vessel. By using gantry cranes, loading and unloading productivity is much higher, due to the use of gantry cranes able to lift 2 s / d 4 container size of 20 feet at a time.

4. Level Luffing Gantry Crane (LLGC)

Is another type of loading and unloading equipment at the port. shaped like a crane ship, but is located on the pier. Some use rails or wheels as a means to move its place. This tool can be used for various types of cargo, such as container, bag carge, and dry bulk (with the addition of a specific instrument).

Electric Winch image

Machine loading and unloading equipment according to the book unloading expertise consists of:

• Derrick Gear

Is the loading and unloading installation consisting of the great pole, rod loader (derrick boom), goose neck bracket, bracket span and engine load (winch).

• Trunk Load (Derrick Boom)

Is one cargon handling installation consisting of the great pole component (Mast), rod loader (boom) whose edges are equipped with heel fitting and head fittings are used to attach a rod loaded with mast and on the other end for mounting a rope span and straps fit; nect goose pen pemasangaan a bracket that is associated with the heel fitting, topping the mounting brackets that span blocks heat-related equipment fittings and cargo winch. Winch is untuj rolled wire loading and unloading.

• Type derrick boom known as swimging boom derrick where only one in every type of union hatch while purchase where there are two hatches setiaplubang boom

• Each - each boom is equipped with a certificate after testing conducted. Tested by

• Safe Working Load (SWL)

• The angle of elevation is the angle between the axis of the rod to fit in working condition eg horizontal line to the rod load less than or equal to 10 tonnes SWL corners 150 and as large as 10 tons at an angle of 250

• Position swinging

• The state of danger

• The material is derived from the stem fit and long steel pipe should be as short as possible and unloading rod with the following considerations:

• Comparison range topping goose neck bracket to bracket with long stems and unloading 0.6 - 0.8

• The angle of elevation on the conditions around 250-300.

• Achievement of unloading the rod tip out of the symbol on the elevation angle above conditions within 3-5 m of the edge of the hole so that cargo is lifted / lowered not shifted to the stomach.

• extreme position of the tip of the rod load on working conditions must not be less than 1/3 the length of the hole palkah (distance measured from the stem fit to hand in palkah end closest to the stem end load).

• The angle of the rod load on the working conditions are the 600 ships.

• Distance goose neck bracket to the main galedak around 2.6 - 2.8 m, or about 0.4 - 0.6 m from plateform winch.

• Calculation of the power rods fit regarded as pillars that are supported on both ends by a hinge or clip. Work load is curved moment where the forces that work on the trunk and unloading due to eccentric axial load, heavy load stem, the initial deflection due to manufacturing errors stem fit and frictional resistance of the devices bottom.

• Cargo winches

According to John wiley and Sons (1956: 263) there are 3 types of cargo winches that the steam of the winch (steam winch), electic cargo winches (electric winch) and hydraulic winches (hydraulic winch).

• The Steam og Winches (steam winch)

Steam winch is used to move through the pengguling tube worm gear and straight teeth. Before operating all moving parts should be lubricated. Right lubricant is an important factor of operation and maintenance. Proper lubrication involves both the selection of lubricants and applications. Generally shaft, ponion, crank pin, eccentric bearing grease is done every day use. Although lubrication has been done with the responsibility of the deck department, but also the engine department will check regularly winch.

• Electric Winches (electric winch)

Operate the electric winch is very simple when compared to steam winch and electric winch maintenance simpler. Before use, the winch must lubricate, but the part that is considered less than the steam winch. All gear must be completely covered by the lubricating oil. Above activities should be done 4 hours before the winch is operated.

• Hydraulic winches (hydraulic winch)

This type is divided into three, namely low pressure, medium pressure and high pressure. Hydraulic winch has favorable characteristics for smooth operation with precise control. Hydraulic winch is also faster than the winh electric and steam winch. Hydrolic winch consists of two fluid motors, each of which is driven at one end of the drum winch through kloping. All operations include lifting, lowering, braking and stop via the control lever.

From the above it can be concluded unloading equipment maintenance varies according to each part of the loading and unloading equipment. Mengoperasian ways and means different treatments then it should be considered how to care properly fit the device and the type of the parts.

• 8 type - type in Ship Unloading Equipment

• Tool unloading bulk cargo, among others;

• Grabes is a shovel-shaped tool used to perform loading and unloading operations on board, usually in motion with derrick winch. The function of grabes is the main tool to dredge rock from barges or from palkah to the harbor.

• Dozzer is a tool used to flatten the coal from barges or in palkah.

• Container loading and unloading equipment;

• Gantry cranes are cocks that are typically used in container ports for loading and unloading operations at the ship, usually driven by diesel power. The function of Gantry Crane is the main tool for bogkar unloading from the dock to the ship and limit the number of units and the whole power of containers at the terminal.

• Rubber Tyred Gantry {RTG}. RTG is a tool to transport, menstack and unload or load the container in the yard.

• Top Loader or often called Lift trucks used for Stevedoring container in yard. Another type of the Top Loader no latter differ only in its operations, where containers dihandling from the front side of the tool or appliance.

• Container Side Loader. This is the type of forklift equipment with a capacity of 7.5 tons to 10 tons as the basic construction of the device replacement fork {fork} which became speader to lift the empty container.

• Telescopic Speader Combo. The tools used to lift the container and how it works similar to fix speader but with a smaller size.

• Fix Speader. Tool specifically designed to lift containers where construction of these devices have the rectangular-shaped and there from a long steel rod, round container and the edges are transverse rods wide container.

• Super Stacker. Is a tool used to menstack container up to a height of 3 stack. This tool is used in the field buildup and controlled by machine. The advantages of this tool is flexible.

• Head Trucks. Head trucks and chassis or also called tractor terminal or the terminal container Trailler used to lift containers from the dock spaciousness buildup or vice versa, and from the container yard area kegudang Container Freight Station (CFS) or vice versa.

• Tool loading and unloading of goods

• Crane is loading and unloading equipment used for lifting or lowering a load with the boom and through the metal frame in the form of a wire sling tackles. Engine sling player dapatberputar 360 degrees to follow the motion boomnya operator position.

• Forklift is loading and unloading of equipment to perform in a small tonnage. In general, the main propulsion diesel engines and other pangangkat using the hydraulic system.

• Forklift electronics is to make loading and unloading equipment in a small tonnage driven using electrical energy in the form of a battery to the motion of lifting gear, while the gear fork and completeness using hydrolic system. Capacity of 2.5 tons.

• Used Trucks for transport of kade or hull to the warehouse.

• Lorry is a stroller that is used to transport goods from the hull kegudang or otherwise.

• Sling is ternali rope used to transport the goods to be unloaded or loaded, usually made of rope rope / plastic or from a chain.

• aids loading and unloading

Unloading tools in addition to the foregoing, including also the aids in the form of a sling wireuntuk mengakat pontoon and others. In general, the following can be described as a type of sling (sling) which is used to load and unload. It is understandable that sometimes prescribed in various ports, the ingredients of this kind is very limited so finally used another tool for the less fit. Of course will lead to a variety of things that harm, eg damage to the cargo.

• Supporting Tool Unloading

With the development of technology and the specificity of the commodity cargo vessel operations are diverse, the thought of supporting tools in order to expedite the process of cargo handling (loading and unloading work) both on the ship and in ports.

• 9 The process of loading and unloading

According Gianto and Martopo (2004: 30) the process of loading and unloading are activities lifting, transporting and transferring cargo from the ship to the dock port or vice versa. While the general process of loading and unloading of goods at the port include stevedoring (loading and unloading work), cargodoring (operation transfers moorings) and receving / delivery or receiver or penyarahan each described below:

• Stevedoring (bogkar work unloading ships)

According Soegiyanto and Martopo (2004: 30) stevedoring (loading and unloading work) is unpacking services of ships, docks, barges, trucks or unloading of all docks, barges, trucks into palkah by using a crane vessel or another.

Officers stevedoring (loading and unloading work) in the loading and unloading work, besides foreman (maid stevedor) there are also some other officers who assist Stevedore (contractor unloading), namely:

• Cargo surveyors PBM company.

• Officers of dangerous goods

• Administration

• Cargodoring (additional transfers operation)

According Soegiyanto and Martopo (1990: 30) cargodorling (additional transfer operation) is the work of issuing the goods or cargo of the sling in the hull above the dock, transport and arrange cargo in the warehouse or yard and vice versa.

In the implementation of cargodoring productivity is influenced by three variables, namely mileage, vehicle speed, and time off.

• The distance

• Vehicle speed

• Time off (immobilization)

that cargodoring activities (additional transfer operation) can run productive and efficient, the equipment must be put to good use. In order downtime (wasted time) lower then necessary.

2.Receiving or delivery (receipt / delivery)

Is the work of taking the goods or cargo from a buildup or warehouse to put them on vehicles out port or vice versa.

Receiving activities (reception) is basically there are two kinds, namely

• The pattern of direct transport is a demolition charge or loading of road vehicles directly from the dank e ship.

• Pattern indirect cargo transport is the delivery or receipt of goods / container after passing through a warehouse or yard.

Delayed delivery operation (handover) can occur due to:

• Bad weather / rain when loading / cargo of the ship.

• Late land transport, or delay in the document.

• Late information or flow of goods.

• Changes in the flow of the loading point (loading rate).